CONTENT STANDARD B [Physical Science]: As a result of their activities in grades 9–12, all students should develop an understanding of
High-school students develop the ability to relate the macroscopic properties of substances that they study in grads K-8 to the microscopic structure of substances. This development in understanding requires students to move among three domains of thought—the macroscopic world of observable phenomena, the microscopic world of molecules, atoms, and subatomic particles, and symbolic and mathematical world of chemical formulas, equations, and symbols. ...
On the basis of their experiences with energy transfers in the middle grades, high-school students can investigate energy transfers quantitatively by measuring variables such as temperature change and kinetic energy. Laboratory investigations and descriptions of other experiments can help students understand the evidence that leads to the conclusion that energy is conserved. Although the operational distinction between temperature and heat can be fairly well understood after careful instruction, research with high-school students indicates that the idea that heat is the energy of
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